THE IMPORTANCE OF OXYGEN
Oxygen is the most important constituent of lakes. Oxygen is an essential element for all aquatic organisms that breathe. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the oxygen concentrations and exchanges occurring in a lake, and the physiological status of aquatic organisms.
The concentration of dissolved oxygen found in a lake and available to the organisms, insects, fish, etc. is the result of many dynamic processes. The primary sources of dissolved oxygen in a lake are the atmosphere and photosynthesis of aquatic plants. Oxygen using processes, both biological and chemical, counterbalance these sources of oxygen. Any oxygen concentrations found in a lake at any specific time are the result of numerous dynamic changes.
Lakes, ponds and reservoirs around the world are "dying" due to ever increasing inflows of nutrients and sediment build up from a multitude of sources. This natural process of dying lakes, or eutrophication, accelerates with man's activities, but occurs in even the most pristine environments. Eutrophication, by definition, is the increase in mineral and organic nutrients that result from a deficiency in dissolved oxygen, producing an environment that favors plant life over animal life.
Eutrophication can be reversed by increasing the dissolved oxygen, not just at the surface, but also throughout the water column to reduce nutrients, and to produce an environment that again favors animal life over plant life. Oxygenation, nutrient reduction and the "web of life" are the essence of the Clean Flo process.
Nuisance weeds and algal scum, "muck", fish kills, pathogenic bacteria, low transparency, foul odors, stunted game fish and the occurrence of rough fish are characteristic of eutrophication. Most all lakes and ponds demonstrate several of these problems.
We offer the only comprehensive, environmentally sound and cost effective management approach to lake restoration and water quality management in the world today.
Tuesday, August 4, 2009
NUTRIENT RELEASE FROM ANOXIC SEDIMENT
Continuous Laminar Flow Inversion and Oxygenation to Precipitate Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Lakes, Rivers and Reservoirs
Robert L. Laing, Copyright 2006 NUTRIENT RELEASE FROM ANOXIC SEDIMENT
Many technical publications show that when a lake is devoid of oxygen at the bottom, as most eutrophic lakes almost always are, about three times as much phosphorus and nitrogen are released from the bottom sediments as what enters each year from a typical watershed. It is typical to have nutrient increases in the water column at the time of spring or fall turnover as a result of mixing high nutrient bottom water into the water column.
Currently emerging concerns about internal loading ignores the importance of internal loading that researchers have recognized since the early 1900's. Reports of internal loading are numerous, and date back to 1903 (Kofoid, 1903; Pond, 1905; Hutchinson, 1941; Lindeman, 1942; Mortimer, 1941, 1942). Stefan and Hanson (1981) observed significant phosphorus transport from the anoxic bottom water to the surface waters associated with mixing in five shallow lakes in south central Minnesota. Taylor (1978) found nutrients recycled from bottom sediment in a mesotrophic Connecticut lake during periods of anaerobic conditions to contribute 3.3 times more nitrogen and 3.6 times more phosphorus than all other influent sources. Terry (1974) found 5l to l7l mg ammonia released per kg of sediment per day when anaerobic conditions existed. Sonzogni, et al, (l977) measured a sediment release rate of 7 mg phosphorus per square meter per day for Lake Shagawa in Minnesota during two summer months after nutrient diversion.
After a nutrient diversion project failed to restore Cedar Lake in Indiana, Jones (1985) found that 69 92% of the total phosphorus was entering the lake from the anoxic sediment. Cooke et al (1977) calculated that 65 105% of the increase in phosphorus in Twin Lakes in Ohio came from the anoxic sediments during summer stratification. Ryding et al (1977) found phosphorus from the sediments to be as much as 400% of the external load per year in three Swedish lakes. Likewise, phosphorus from the sediment in Lake Wabumun in Alberta is over 4 times as high as incoming phosphorus (Mitchell, 1984). Schneider, et al, (1969), estimated the top three feet of sediment in 31,000 acre Lake Apopka in Florida to contain approximately 500 million pounds of nitrogen (all forms) and 5 10 million pounds of phosphorus. Many researchers have found large increases in ammonia and phosphorus during periods of anaerobic activity (e.g. Mortimer, l94l and 1942; Gunnison, et al, 1980; Nurnberg, 1984; Summerfelt, et al, l967; McKee, et al, l963; Black, et al, 1954; Fillos, et al, l975; Robinette, l976; Fekete, 1973; and Pamatmat, et al, l973).
To eliminate the problems, oxygen must be added to the water, surface to bottom without turbulent mixing of the fertilizers, toxic gases and anoxic water at the sediment throughout the water column of the lake. The toxic bottom gases must be removed without mixing them with the rest of the lake. Clean Flo International is a pioneer of lake restoration techniques. Our integrated approach combines mechanical, biological, and non toxic chemical methods. We have improved water quality, reduced weeds, algae and organic sediment, and improved fishing in over three thousand lakes, ponds, rivers, reservoirs and wastewater treatment basins throughout the world. These projects range in size from less than one acre to over 500 acres (except for two bays of the ocean, which were about 20,000 acres) and up to 43 kilometers of river.
Robert L. Laing, Copyright 2006 NUTRIENT RELEASE FROM ANOXIC SEDIMENT
Many technical publications show that when a lake is devoid of oxygen at the bottom, as most eutrophic lakes almost always are, about three times as much phosphorus and nitrogen are released from the bottom sediments as what enters each year from a typical watershed. It is typical to have nutrient increases in the water column at the time of spring or fall turnover as a result of mixing high nutrient bottom water into the water column.
Currently emerging concerns about internal loading ignores the importance of internal loading that researchers have recognized since the early 1900's. Reports of internal loading are numerous, and date back to 1903 (Kofoid, 1903; Pond, 1905; Hutchinson, 1941; Lindeman, 1942; Mortimer, 1941, 1942). Stefan and Hanson (1981) observed significant phosphorus transport from the anoxic bottom water to the surface waters associated with mixing in five shallow lakes in south central Minnesota. Taylor (1978) found nutrients recycled from bottom sediment in a mesotrophic Connecticut lake during periods of anaerobic conditions to contribute 3.3 times more nitrogen and 3.6 times more phosphorus than all other influent sources. Terry (1974) found 5l to l7l mg ammonia released per kg of sediment per day when anaerobic conditions existed. Sonzogni, et al, (l977) measured a sediment release rate of 7 mg phosphorus per square meter per day for Lake Shagawa in Minnesota during two summer months after nutrient diversion.
After a nutrient diversion project failed to restore Cedar Lake in Indiana, Jones (1985) found that 69 92% of the total phosphorus was entering the lake from the anoxic sediment. Cooke et al (1977) calculated that 65 105% of the increase in phosphorus in Twin Lakes in Ohio came from the anoxic sediments during summer stratification. Ryding et al (1977) found phosphorus from the sediments to be as much as 400% of the external load per year in three Swedish lakes. Likewise, phosphorus from the sediment in Lake Wabumun in Alberta is over 4 times as high as incoming phosphorus (Mitchell, 1984). Schneider, et al, (1969), estimated the top three feet of sediment in 31,000 acre Lake Apopka in Florida to contain approximately 500 million pounds of nitrogen (all forms) and 5 10 million pounds of phosphorus. Many researchers have found large increases in ammonia and phosphorus during periods of anaerobic activity (e.g. Mortimer, l94l and 1942; Gunnison, et al, 1980; Nurnberg, 1984; Summerfelt, et al, l967; McKee, et al, l963; Black, et al, 1954; Fillos, et al, l975; Robinette, l976; Fekete, 1973; and Pamatmat, et al, l973).
To eliminate the problems, oxygen must be added to the water, surface to bottom without turbulent mixing of the fertilizers, toxic gases and anoxic water at the sediment throughout the water column of the lake. The toxic bottom gases must be removed without mixing them with the rest of the lake. Clean Flo International is a pioneer of lake restoration techniques. Our integrated approach combines mechanical, biological, and non toxic chemical methods. We have improved water quality, reduced weeds, algae and organic sediment, and improved fishing in over three thousand lakes, ponds, rivers, reservoirs and wastewater treatment basins throughout the world. These projects range in size from less than one acre to over 500 acres (except for two bays of the ocean, which were about 20,000 acres) and up to 43 kilometers of river.
The CLEAN-FLO Process of Water
The CLEAN-FLO Process of Water and Lake RestorationA water body is an ecosystem containing many living organisms that interact with one another and with their environment, in a balanced web of life. That balance may be destroyed by the extensive growth of some organisms, or by the death of other organisms. This could be caused either by nature, or as is often the case, by man-made pollutants. In either event, the lake begins to die.The basic purpose of the CLEAN-FLO water and lake restoration process is to restore and maintain that vital balance. Our restoration techniques remove bottom organic muck, greatly improve fish growth and health, and reduce aquatic weeds, pond algae, foul odors and disease bacteria. This water restoration process not only helps to improve water quality, it also enhances aesthetic value and life forms in and around the water body. Eutrophication, which is defined as “the increase in mineral and organic nutrients that results from a deficiency in dissolved oxygen, producing an environment that favors plant life over animal life”, is completely reversed.To bring water to a balanced condition for life, we restore the water through the use of our proprietary continuous laminar flow inversion. In some cases our aeration system is combined with buffered phosphate precipitants and/or beneficial microorganisms which are used to speed up the process. This method, which was developed by CLEAN-FLO, is a unique, proven technology which is cost effective and practically maintenance free.CLEAN-FLO was founded on the principle that lakes, ponds, rivers and reservoirs restored themselves using natural processes already in the water. CLEAN-FLO's water restoration process, using pond aeration and lake aeration duplicates those natural processes and accelerates them to keep up with today’s pollutants. Engineers and consultants often use this proprietary process in areas where the reduction of nutrient input from diffuse sources as a means of water pollution control is unworkable or impossible.The CLEAN-FLO process of water restoration uses pond aeration and lake aeration systems to improve water quality, reduce or eliminate pond algae, pond weeds, remove organic bottom muck, improve fish growth and health, reduce water weeds, reduce foul odors and reduce disease bacteria.Improve lake fishing and improve water chemistry using natural lake processes. When is the best time to start?
Aeration: CONTINUOUS LAMINAR FLOW INVERSION Oxygenates the water and removes toxic gases.
Aeration: CONTINUOUS LAMINAR FLOW INVERSION Oxygenates the water and removes toxic gases.
Natural Pond Aeration Facts
Adding oxygen to a pond through natural pond aeration improves water quality and maintains a good balance to its ecosystem. This is important for the health of the fish, other aquatic animals, and aerobic bacteria needed to decompose organic matter. Natural pond aeration reduces weeds, reduces algae, eliminates foul odor, eliminates fish kills, reduces bad bacteria, and removes muck. The atmosphere and photosynthesis add oxygen to a body of water, but there are biological and chemical processes that offset the sources of oxygen. Pond aeration can occur naturally in tropical environments through typhoons, cyclones, and torrential rains, but when this natural process does not occur, the health of a pond needs to be maintained by adding oxygen.
Lack of oxygen in a pond leads to unpleasant aesthetics as well as an unhealthy life balance. The build up of organic sediment is a result of fertilizers, grass clippings, leaves, animal waste, and septic waste causing the “muck” and the unpleasant odor. The bacteria living in this environment put toxic gasses in the water including hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane. These are toxic to beneficial bacteria, fish, and insects. If the pond was aerated with oxygen, this muck would not occur. Without oxygen or pond aeration, bacteria that live without oxygen thrive, and they also produce acids including phosphorous and nitrogen. These toxins also kill the good bacteria and insects that feed on the bottom of the pond.
If oxygen is present, beneficial aerobic microorganisms and insects are present, and they feed on the sediment which results in a cleaner pond. With the presence of the insects, the fish can also thrive in the pond. Good bacteria are present in an aerated pond, and they consume the organic material, and that helps balance the ecosystem. Pond weed problems have been controlled with chemicals, but when dead plants decay at the bottom of a pond, they use up necessary oxygen as well, which makes the problem worse in time.
Clean-Flo.com offers the Continuous Laminar Flow Inversion and Oxygenation System for pond aeration which is an energy efficient process that oxygenates an entire body of water from top to bottom. It duplicates the natural process and accelerates it to keep up with pollutants. It will improve fish health and reduce aquatic weeds, pond algae, foul odors, and disease bacteria. The flow inversion process is sometimes combined with phosphate precipitants and/or beneficial microorganisms to speed the result.
Lack of oxygen in a pond leads to unpleasant aesthetics as well as an unhealthy life balance. The build up of organic sediment is a result of fertilizers, grass clippings, leaves, animal waste, and septic waste causing the “muck” and the unpleasant odor. The bacteria living in this environment put toxic gasses in the water including hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane. These are toxic to beneficial bacteria, fish, and insects. If the pond was aerated with oxygen, this muck would not occur. Without oxygen or pond aeration, bacteria that live without oxygen thrive, and they also produce acids including phosphorous and nitrogen. These toxins also kill the good bacteria and insects that feed on the bottom of the pond.
If oxygen is present, beneficial aerobic microorganisms and insects are present, and they feed on the sediment which results in a cleaner pond. With the presence of the insects, the fish can also thrive in the pond. Good bacteria are present in an aerated pond, and they consume the organic material, and that helps balance the ecosystem. Pond weed problems have been controlled with chemicals, but when dead plants decay at the bottom of a pond, they use up necessary oxygen as well, which makes the problem worse in time.
Clean-Flo.com offers the Continuous Laminar Flow Inversion and Oxygenation System for pond aeration which is an energy efficient process that oxygenates an entire body of water from top to bottom. It duplicates the natural process and accelerates it to keep up with pollutants. It will improve fish health and reduce aquatic weeds, pond algae, foul odors, and disease bacteria. The flow inversion process is sometimes combined with phosphate precipitants and/or beneficial microorganisms to speed the result.
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